The first solutions to General Relativity were conceived by the famous mathematician Karl Schwarzschild. These solutions fit the mathematical dualism of General Relativity perfectly, and geometrically resolve to a two/ sphere cosmos, consisting of two three spaces and a single, single process time dimension. One "hemisphere" ( negative three space) of this model from our frame exists in reducing entropy (and complexity) and the other "hemisphere" ( positive three space).. is observed in generally increasing entropy (and complexity!). At their poles, 360 Degrees into everywhere or almost nowhere, in any and every direction we observe these spherical "hemispheres" as "the big bang" or cosmic amorphous singularity- the abyss, the cosmic black hole. The singular and photonic poles (antipodes) of this universe as observed at our present frame are two sides of the same geometric phenomenon: "dark energy- gravity"/ "Big Bang"/CBR/ photons. Observing their effects- topological defects on 4D particulate event horizon surfaces- from our frame creates cosmic reality....a hot big bang, the Sun, the Earth, temperature or the light in my room by which I create this document.

The foundational 7 dimensions of a General Relativity universe may also geometrically relate to possible solutions of the Unified Field Theory enigma. All forces in a geometric universe are "fictitious" and relate to energy density in relation to time and space at the various scales and reference frames of the cosmos. Kalusa, the famous Polish Geometer pointed out to Einstein that the addition of a fifth spatial dimension had the effect of unifying the first two of the four "forces". Einstein was slow to respond, probably because he was very busy, but once he read Kalusa's work, he acknowledged its implications.

Over a period of two years, Einstein and other scientists undertook a detailed study of higher dimensional cosmology- and discarded it because it would not particulate. That most of the universe might NOT BE PARTICULATE, but SINGULAR, and that our 4D particulate world might be embedded in a higher dimensional, non-particulate singular/photonic reality never occurred to these men at that point in history. GR to Einstein was a geometric point frame affair, and he as well as most scientists of the day regarded singularity as a mathematical vestige. Einsteins conflict with Bohr over Quantum Mechanics was personal and philosophical because not enough field evidence was available at the time to link astronomical reality with events in particle accelerators- and confirm the place of a very real singular condition (the Planck Realm) at the foundation of reality.

From 4 dimensional frames of reference, within a 7-D, GR universe, the cosmos is observed to be cyclic, dynamic- and particulate. Perhaps to understand the models' inner workings, it would be well to take the time, and trace the existence of one frame of reference in the universe over one of these 100-200 billion year cycles which continue eternally.

	Photo: A waterfall is a cyclic 4-D projection of the inner workings of the 7-Dimensional universe. (Our 4-D reality is embedded in a universe of much greater dimensional complexity) The waterfall is a fixed frame of reference with geometric coordinates on the hypersphere, yet it experiences changing conditions with variations in its environment. This waterfall would be hardly recognizable in times of drought or deluge! The waterfall also reflects the momentum of the water cycle, a continuing though not eternal process in 4-D, powered by the suns' energy.

Let's select a Carbon atom in my body. This Carbon atom, and every other frame of reference in the universe, "stays in the same place" in a GR universe, for the entire cycle of its existence. From the point of view of the Carbon atom, and for that matter, any other frame of reference, only conditions in its immediate environment change...it goes nowhere.

Right "now", that Carbon atom is in my body and plays an important part in my life functions. The carbon atom may be excreted from my body, or be returned to the Earth upon my death. In either case, environmental conditions change and the Carbon atom may be separated from other atoms to which it is linked in chemical combination, or be recombined in any number of chemical processes over the next 5 billion years. Eventually, as the Sun burns out, the Earth is vaporized, and the Carbon atom becomes part of the Sun, which becomes a white dwarf.

After eons of silence and increasing chill, the Carbon atom experiences a polarity change in a bean shaped, time-like singularity on the hypersphere. After that time, the environment begins to warm up, and the Sun comes to life again, this time as a Hydrogen creating machine. The sun absorbs vast quantities, (5,000,000 tons per second) of energy and uses this energy to reconstruct itself in elementary Protium (hydrogen) and Helium. In this process, our Carbon atom finds itself first in a gaseous cloud surrounding the Sun and then back on the surface of a reviving Earth. Eventually, this Carbon atom finds its identical coordinates in my body, but my consciousness now is of a different kind than I experienced on the other side of the hypersphere. Everything works out OK. There is no death, only a "younging" process. Note however, that while entropy decreases in the photonic hemisphere, so does complexity. We become childlike and what we learn is given back to the universe which bestowed it in the first place. This "younging" process, and the experience of consciousness in the antiverse is very interesting, but scientifically, even if we do live in a 7-D and up universe, whether we would actually experience consciousness on "the other side" is but very interesting conjecture.

The Carbon again leaves my body and enters the bodies of countless other organisms, until there are no organisms on Earth. The Earth becomes a cloud of gas and dust. Our Carbon atom finds its way into interstellar space. Sooner or later, it reaches the supernova where it began to exist as Carbon. It fragments into 3 Helium nuclei, some of which go back to the Big Crunch. Others absorb further energy and break into Hydrogen atoms. Gradually, the forebears of our Carbon atom are joined by other Hydrogen and Helium atoms- in exactly the right mass and proportion necessary to recreate the universe.

Temperatures increase. Atoms disassociate. Silence. Nothingness. As fast as the lights go out, they go on again. Photon fluid (singularity) finds itself in a new hemisphere of the SAME UNIVERSE. All the forms are there, preserved in the still existing hemisphere. Random photons reform the same Hydrogen and Helium atoms, at the SAME coordinates as they went in. The universe, in reversed polarity, reorganizes. Hydrogen and Helium atoms, the forbears of our Carbon atom appear. Eventually, in the nuclear furnace of the SAME Supernova, our Hydrogen atoms combine to Helium. Three Helium nuclei form our Carbon atom AT THE SAME COORDINATES at which it disintegrated!

How could such a ridiculous thing happen? How could each part of the universe find itself? Finding itself was NO PROBLEM for our Carbon atom BECAUSE IT STAYED IN THE SAME PLACE THE WHOLE "Time". NO FRAME OF REFERENCE IN THE UNIVERSE MOVES! How can anything get lost if it doesn't GO anywhere?

All this "time", only the conditions of the universe around our atom have changed. Frames of reference are geometric coordinates on the dual hyperspheres, and remain forever. You and I no more "move" in the universe, than London changes its coordinates on the surface of the Earth! Everything in the universe exists permanently, interacting with changing conditions, forever. As we say in English: "The more things change, the more they stay the same".

Here is something to "reward" our mathematician readers. I feel, for good reasons, that in all likelihood, the universe has a photon based frame of reference system. Sharpen your pencils and listen to this. At the speed of light, time passage ceases and for its intents and purposes, a photon is everywhere in the universe at the same time.

What is the mathematical relationship between being everywhere in the universe at the same time, and not moving at all? I just said that frames of reference on the Hypersphere are eternal coordinates, and they don't move. Why is it necessary for a photon, which is already everywhere, to move anywhere? It isn't! If a photon is the basic unit of frame of reference, it really doesn't move at all...it just seems, from every other frame of reference relative to it, to move at 300,000 KPS. This is not only a problem in Topology, it tells us that photons may be the key to the eternal nature of a General Relativity universe! The energy of which we are made creates the stability of our coordinates in the universe.

For readers who are NOT mathematicians, what I have just said may sound obtuse, but it means that you, I and everything else in a General Relativity universe in NO WAY can EVER be lost. Our names are written in eternity. The chances we could get lost in THIS universe are about the same as the chances that a great pyramid in Egypt could rise from the ground on its own, flip over, and remain perfectly balanced on its point, without props- forever.

In comparison, a four dimensional universe, mathematically is our upside-down pyramid. It comes from nowhere, and so far as we can tell, goes nowhere. If it "crunches" it isn't four dimensional anymore, in fact it forms a singularity which causes the cessation of existence of the universe! If it doesn't "crunch", it slowly goes out of existence anyway for reasons rooted in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Moreover, such a universe is dynamically unstable to the point of absurdity, a freak, a cosmic and comic accident based on uncertainties so great as to be correctly called impossibilities!

I'm reminded of the first words from the famous musical: The Fiddler on the Roof..."The people of this village are fiddlers on the roof! You may ask: Why do we live so dangerously, up there on the peak of a roof, playing our fiddle?...We live up there because it is our HOME!" The 4-D side of existence we immediately experience in the universe, is indeed, the peak of a roof, and according to the General Relativity model, only the tip of the iceberg of existence.

General Relativity predicts observationally flat space, exactly what has been confirmed in recent Cosmic Background Radiation experiments. Although space is curved in GR, we would have to observe it in 7-D to see the curvature! Because a 4-D universe is dynamically unstable in flat space, and space has been experimentally shown to be flat, we have further, powerful evidence for a General Relativity cosmology- yet in some small way, just as we observed the small 43 arc second precession of Mercury's orbit each century, we can and will observe the truth about space in the universe...that it is marginally closed. (4/27/02: A universe with observationally flat, but spherical space, which is marginally closed with an Omega of 1.03 is the bottom line result of the Maxima and Boomerang information. MAP will improve the precision of these measurements, and provide further information on both the overall character of the CBR and the geometry of the universe).

How can anything in a 4-D universe have eternal coordinates? Nothing can, and so scientists who defend a 4-D universe are forced to reject a GR cosmology, even in the face of evidence for a GR universe! The fact is; billions of dollars of carefully conducted experiments give (as I just indicated in but one way) the General Relativity model undeniable veracity. Truly, never in all of human history, has any cosmological model been experimentally shown to be so factual- if counterintuitive! Every time we land in an airplane under foggy conditions, we rely on General Relativity!

As we have seen then, in the GR universe reference frames are fixed and invariant, experiencing changes in their surrounding conditions which give the ILLUSION or FEELING of the passage of "time".The importance of the observer (reference frame) to the existence of any given reality is shared by SR, GR and QM and, as I have indicated is further evidence for the close relationship between them.

Einstein's universe goes from everywhere to nowhere, and therefore is static. How can everywhere be anything BUT static?

Since by the GR definition, the universe permanently extends from everywhere to nowhere, there can be no time when it doesn't exist. A linear, or Euclidean 4-D universe has times when it is nowhere, doesn't exist and therefore cannot be everywhere. In a closed 7-D universe, even when one hemisphere crunches, the other hemisphere is fully extended to everywhere...thus avoiding a semantic, scientific and mathematical contradiction! GR demands 7 foundational, periodically linked dimensions! A 4-D universe which comes into existence, and eventually, in one way or another ceases to exist, can hardly be considered static- or Einsteinian, not without a cosmological constant anyway!

In the combined General Relativity, Schwarzschild two/ sphere, Planck Realm cosmology I will continue to describe and develop in this paper, time is only illusory, another linear dimension, when seen from a cosmological perspective. Yet it is very important to remember that in General Relativity, ULTIMATE reality is found at each frame of reference. Time, to us is an ESSENTIAL part of our lives. Also, the time we see is a projection of real, if very brief cosmic motion and change.

When Hubbell discovered the "expanding universe" and developed his famous constant assigning increasing speeds of recession to increasingly distant galaxies, even Einstein forgot the importance of frames of reference! Einstein agreed that his own "Cosmological Constant" (to keep the universe "static") was "the biggest mistake of my life", but was it? A universe, which from any frame of reference below the speed (better, "condition") of light is observed to be highly dynamic, may in fact, be as static as a resting turtle- in overall dynamic equilibrium.

The idea of a "Cosmological Constant" has not only been revived in the last decade, a cosmological constant is almost made mandatory by recent observations. However the term has been defined and redefined in many different ways, some very obtuse! Until recently, I did not realize so many scientists had a vested interest in keeping the cosmos static!

This situation really is quite humorous, for it has taken more than 50 years for the impossible engineering problems of a universe NOT in overall dynamic equilibrium to "sink in" among scientists! The fact that the universe HAD to be in an overall state of dynamic equilibrium to make any kind of sense only slowly brought scientists to realize what Einstein himself had originally said...that motion in the universe as we observe it is an illusion! The reader will recall that I discussed these facts, illusory movement and invariant frames as foundational to General Relativity at the beginning of this chapter! The astute, engineering minded scientist should already be starting to understand that a dual, Schwarzschild geometry is essential in explaining and understanding the universe we observe. The "other side" permits balance, stability and periodic momentum.

It is important to understand that most folks who speak of a cosmological constant are conceptually working in four dimensions, and the point of this site is that the universe can only be foundationally understood in a minimum of seven large dimensions! The author has concluded that as dimensional complexity increases, Einstein's formulae become more "static" automatically; that in the last analysis, the "cosmological constant" is a mathematical artifact made necessary by the use of only four dimensions in the original versions of SRT and GR.

To maintain a static condition in 4D, the mathematical constant is required. In 7D, the adjustment required would be much less; in 11 Dimensions, the need for a cosmological constant would reduce to tiny deviations in the mathematical model which could be observationally detected only in experiments where a high degree of accuracy was possible. If we use a dimensionally appropriate model, the cosmological constant "problem" will resolve itself.

Does General Relativity work in 4-D? Yes, it does, but just as a motorcycle can be unstable when turned suddenly at high speeds or slowed down almost to a stop, the 4-D universe is dynamically unstable, and fails to answer important engineering questions. Time as a road from singularity to crunch (or a slow heat death) also leaves many unanswered questions! In 7-D, GR. becomes a four wheeled sports car on a two way road to and from specific destinations. General Relativity becomes inherently stable- and the model is mathematically complete.

Einstein's formulae predict antimatter. One complete set of his equations are negative. The other is positive. Even scientists initially assumed that the mathematical world in no way could reflect reality, so they discarded the negative set as "vestigial" (not important to the actual constitution of reality).

Paul (PAM) Dirac sat in Stephen Hawking's and Sir Isaac Newton's chair as the Lucasian Professor of Physics at Cambridge, and was widely respected, but when he told the world it had better start looking for antimatter, and perhaps an entire previously unknown half of the universe, he had to run for cover! Anyone who has theorized counterintuitive models of reality would understand his experience!

When antimatter was discovered, as Dirac predicted (based on Einstein's models), the scientific world was shaken to its foundations, but after all, how much could a little antimatter in a particle accelerator mean, really? It was assumed that matter and antimatter could not exist in a stable relationship with each other; that they would mutually annihilate. In the 60's, ad hoc: (Latin: for a purpose; not congruent with established models) theories proposing an asymmetry of matter and antimatter at creation, resulting in the destruction of most matter and antimatter, but leaving just enough "pure" positive matter to make "our" universe, were popularized all over the world.

Today, mathematical theorists working directly with Einstein's ideas are constructing geometric models of the four "forces" of Physics which define these forces not in terms of "force" but geometric relationship; the relationship of free energy and particles to the "substance", microscopic singularity. These theories predict stable configurations of matter and antimatter- on a universal scale.

The prediction of the existence of singularity by General Relativity was another reason Einsteinian Cosmology was not initially taken seriously. According to Einsteinian formulae, any star 3 times the current mass of our Sun and larger, is destined to collapse "out of the universe". This concept was not accepted, either by the general public or the scientific community. In fact SR/ GR and QM are all so counterintuitive they have not been considered good models of cosmic reality.

Recently, however, astronomical evidence, evidence from particle accelerators, and new work by mathematicians has shown that singularity exists. First came the "Big Bang" Theory, in which the entire universe was hypothesized to come from the explosion of a huge singularity. Then came the discovery of the "background radiation", substantially confirming a "Big Bang". Now "Black Holes" are being described by size and effect. Of course, different sized black holes are a matter of our "frame of reference" with regard to them, for all singularity shares the same mathematical characteristics of being nowhere and everywhere. In a two/ sphere universe, "Big Bangs" are only "over the horizon", "Black Holes".

A concept once unthinkable, microscopic singularity is now recognized to possibly be at the heart of every atom and distributed everywhere in the universe; a fundamental building block of reality. Scientists have discovered that the smaller the singularity, the more stable it is, and the greater the forces necessary to establish the condition. Only huge "Black Holes" can create microscopic singularity. This is probably true because in reality , microscopic singularity IS amorphous cosmic singularity! Larger "Black Holes" can evaporate, while microscopic singularity is more stable- a result of the eternal, time dilated condition of its existence, necessary to stabilize the existence of atoms over billions of years.

We need to remember that how singularity is observed; as photonic (white hole), photons (distant white hole), temperature, doing work; solar mass black hole, galactic mass black hole, cosmic singularity- or submicroscopic singularity, relates to the reference frame in the geometric universe from which this foundational reality is observed.

Collectively, microscopic singularity is found to a varying extent in all space, has enormous cumulative energy, and forms two everywhere antipodes (one for each "hemisphere") of the Seven Dimensional, Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe. These antipodes, at 180 Degrees opposite each other are matched by two opposed photonic antipodes, one for each three /space, for a total of four everywhere/almost nowhere antipodes in the two/sphere model. These reflect a universe consisting of two superimposed sphere "hemispheres", in which the macroscopic antipode of each is the microscopic antipode of the other!

To the casual reader (See special topic HF#36870) it seems crazy that 12.5 billion light years could resolve to 10 to the minus 33rd CM! The seasoned professional who understands the nature of singularity and meaning of cosmological time separation, knows just HOW possible such a scenario is, in cosmic reality!

Conceptually, mathematically and in reality, it is impossible for matter to exist without singularity! Singularity is the only "substance" in the universe capable of stopping, holding and compacting photons in the form we recognize as matter. A universe without a submicroscopic antipode of singularity cannot in any way be construed to be Einsteinian, for the presence of singularity in all space and the gathering of submicroscopic singularity near massive objects in space, (themselves founded on singularity) is the theoretical basis for Einsteinian gravity.

At this point lets briefly discuss Einsteinian gravity! Einstein was, as I have already discussed, quite skeptical of quantum mechanics, and he made no provision in his theory of General Relativity for a Planck realm at the lowest levels of scale as we observe them. This was a serious conceptual omission! Below 10 to the minus 35th Cm. the universe is a "dark energy", singular, Non-General Relativity place...in fact, most of the mass of the universe, (two thirds) presently resides in this relatively small region of "scale" we call "microscopic singularity"! From our frame microscopic singularity is diffuse (phase "gaseous"?)and in the two sphere is observed as "gravity". In the two/ sphere, the other side of microscopic singularity is of course, the photonic CBR.

Omitting the Planck realm and two/ sphere geometry from GR has caused serious problems for modern cosmologists. GR gravity propagating at the speed of light is wrong, even though we can PREDICT its incredible accuracy! We only need to study the "horizon problem" to see HOW wrong it is. The fact is; a Planck realm creates a Newtonian instantly or near instantly propagating "inflation style" gravity which fits the real universe like a glove. This does not displace GR, but helps us understand that the real universe is chiral. No one single theory can totally describe it...we need a set of dovetailing concepts (See also special topics #37217).

Considering particles themselves to be the carriers of forces is a popular idea, but the idea is conceptually very suspect. The "forces" particles "carry" are the result not of the existence of particles, but the singularity within them. The extent to which singularity is present in space is a determining factor in the changing conditions at each frame of reference in the Geometric Universe, producing fictitious forces, causing our perception of the properties of matter- and our sensation of "forces", motion and time.

A quick glance at a periodic table of the elements casts light on the realm of the singular at the submicroscopic antipode of the universe. Using the atomic masses of the 92 naturally occurring elements as a guide, we observe that the micro-singular realm is a band a number of orders of magnitude wide, upward from the Planck length. Conceptually, perhaps it would be well to begin defining "particles" such as Quarks, Protons Neutrons and Electrons, in terms of phase changes and topological defects on the event horizon surfaces of their heart of singularity. (I discuss time dilation, the illusion of atomic structural stability and cross observing the universe from a remote frame in Special Topics HF #38022 and #34241).

"Hairy" singularity (as we observe it in 4-D) at the sub-microscopic antipode of the universe has "nodes" of varying masses. Actually this Planck region is a multidimensional, froth like matrix which in 2-D could more properly be called a film, along which the universe and antiverse border each other. Moving "downward" at every point beyond the Planck length (actually we twist, flip 180 degrees and come back out the "way" we went in), we emerge into the world of 60 billion years in the future- and another half of the universe in reversed polarity, perfectly mapped to our own existence- our other selves. Although this "other side" does not exist in our here and now, it is, cosmologically as much a part of the universe as ourselves, and its mass is reflected in the rotational characteristics of the galaxies!

It is interesting that relativistic effects (photons interacting with submicroscopic singularity), relating to the creation of "particles", atomic structure, chemical valence, and the properties of matter are evident many orders of magnitude distant from the Planck length. This is cosmologically significant, and relates to the way nature "feels" time dilated "scale". Varying photon density in this wide band, gives rise to the infinite variety of perceptual variations we observe in our world.

What is meant by the phrases: "feels scale", and "photon density" in the previous paragraph? A microscope, or for that matter, a particle accelerator focus on one point (or very small region) in the submicroscopic. From a 4-D frame of reference, what we observe at our coordinates is "particles in a field". The "Higgs Field" and the "Higgs Boson" are 4-D descriptions of the multidimensional, submicroscopic matrix or "froth" I have described in this paper. We are certain to find both the Higgs Field and the Boson...how can we avoid them?...but they are perceptions of a reality which is much more profound.

In 7D General Relativity, the submicroscopic antipode of the universe, and the macroscopic "Big Bang" singular antipode, are cosmologically EVERYWHERE (and all the time; ie eternal). This however, is not the universe we observe at OUR time dilated 4-D reference frame, from which we observe both antipodes, variations in energy density, changes in these relationships, particles, forces, motion and time "passage".

The "Higgs field" in a General Relativity Cosmology is a set of coordinates on the surfaces of the 7-D Hyperspherical universe located within a certain number of orders of magnitude upward from the Planck length- everywhere. At these coordinates, from our frame of reference, Photons are "trapped" and compacted by submicroscopic singularity into the "substance" we call matter. This is all very mathematical and multidimensional. At certain scales, photons, being surrounded, or better enveloped by singularity, literally have nowhere to go. These photons are confined in a seemingly stable form we, observing from a remote frame (three space) in time dilation, identify as being "material"- and particulate.

Time dilated scale creates space in General Relativity, and is the key to understanding reality. The "inward" and "outward" components of the universe are as critical as length, width. height and even time, whose existence is defined by these parameters. We develop (with good reason!) an important part of our concept of reality around "large" and "small" with respect to ourselves. Moreover this scale component of space is as fundamental to the structure of the cosmos, as the other dimensions.

The submicroscopic antipode, like the photons of which it consists, is geometric- and eternal. There is no need for mathematical "wild goose chases" attempting to determine how our orderly universe evolved from singularity- cosmologically, it didn't. Our world floats eternally on the event horizon surfaces of free-falling spinning singularity (as observed from our frame!). From the standpoint of their geometric location, either antipode is cosmologically separated from us in time. This separation is a result of time dilation, and as I said, creates what we observe as space. Time dilation is an important parameter of our universe, and is discussed in detail in Special Topic HF 38022.

When we discuss the submicroscopic antipode, we refer to the Planck...Era. From 4-D, we see probability, particles, movement, change and the passage of "time" but cosmic existence is a cut above all that. As I said earlier, and want to stress, we see things "backwards" in 4-D (relating to dualism and Schwarzschild two/ sphere geometry- special topics HF#38022 and #36870), and there are reasons for that, but we observe the universe backwards none the less. Flat doesn't quite fit.

Near a Black Hole or at the "time" of the big crunch, "microscopic" singularity as observed from our frame, rises (gathers) in the sub microscopic region, in the case of the Big Crunch at all frames of reference in one hemisphere of the universe, like water accumulating in the bottom of the Titanic. Space is overwhelmed by nothingness, "hemispheric" singularity occurs, polarity reverses and the universe on the side affected reorganizes. What we observe as "Gravity" then, as we have seen, is a gathering of microscopic singularity in the regions of space surrounding massive objects. Perceived "movements" are accelerations (fictitious forces) resulting from the changing conditions of compacted energy in space time initiated by the presence of singularity.

One of the reasons for the seeming weakness of gravity, is the fact that from our frame of reference we only detect half of it! Anti-gravity pulls "down" too. This is a simple matter of observing our 7-D superimposed two-selves. As I mention elsewhere, neither we nor the atmosphere of the Earth are going anywhere- but dropped items in the antiverse would return to our hands and meteors would unburn in the antiversal atmosphere and return to space. Gravity would still exist and pull "down"...it would just be clearly seen as a fictitious force. Cosmic 2x gravity, together with twice the total mass we observe in this 4-D reality, and the mass of singularity at the antipodes of the 7-D cosmos, go a long way toward explaining the universe the way we observe it (See Mathematical Exercises on the home page)!

As if the concepts of antimatter and singularity are not counterintuitive enough, to further complicate the picture, a 7-Dimensional Einsteinian universe is time symmetrical. Physicists like to flirt with such ideas, but to the world at large it seems outlandish that time, could in fact actually (from our frame of reference, watch that!) proceed from future to past.(See also special topic #36870) In an Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe, "time reversal" (actually a 180 degree twisting and flipping of a single direction time dimension) is an integral part of the cosmology. In fact, time reversal is no more exotic than the fact that a person in the United States points in one direction, and in an absolute sense, a person in Australia points in the opposite direction. The American sees day and the Australian experiences night. They look in different directions in the universe- yet from their own frame they both walk forward (see Special Topics HF #36872).

Our coordinates in the Einsteinian universe determine which way we "point" in time and indicate where we are in space/ time. In the 7-D universe, this flipping of the time dimension is important. First, it conserves order (loosely entropy) and secondly, with cosmological time separation, it prevents "hemispheres" of the universe with opposite polarity from destroying each other, for the two "hemispheres" (universe/antiverse) are otherwise superimposed. This inverse mapping with cosmological time separation (See HF Special Topic #38022) follows mathematically from the dual S7 concept and has been the subject of recent, intensive and successful investigation by Cambridge University in connection with Dr. Hawking's parallel universe project. Rather than placing this very important information in the supplemental materials, it follows...in the text of this paper:

Condensed Matter, abstract >cond-mat/0009139 > >From: L. S. SchulmanDate: Sun, 10 Sep 2000 17:25:59 GMT (86kb) > >A compromised arrow of time > >Authors: L. S. Schulman >Comments: For the proceedings of the conference, Equations aux Derivees >Partielles et Physique >Mathematique, in honor of J. Vaillant, Paris, June 2000. B. Gaveau et >al., editors >Subj-class: Statistical Mechanics > > The second law of thermodynamics - the usual statement of the arrow >of time - has > been called the most fundamental law of physics. It is thus >difficult to conceive that a > single dynamical system could contain subsystems, in significant >mutual contact, > possessing opposite thermodynamic arrows of time. By examining >cosmological > justification for the usual arrow it is found that a consistent way >to establish such > justification is by giving symmetric boundary conditions at two >(cosmologically remote) > times and seeking directional behavior in between. Once this has >been demonstrated, it > is seen that entropy increase can be reversed and that the usual >arrow is less totalitarian > than previously believed. In the same vein, other boundary >conditions, modeling shorter > periods in the evolution of the cosmos, can be found that allow the >simultaneous > existence of two thermodynamic arrows, notwithstanding moderate >interaction between > the systems possessing those arrows. Physical consequences of the >existence and > detection of opposite-arrow regions are also considered. > >Paper: Source (86kb), PostScript, or Other formats > >(N.B.: delivery types and potential problems)

Still, how realistic is the concept of "time reversal"? In four dimensions, time reversal is mathematically impossible and thermodynamic irreversibility is a fact of life. Predictive Determinism is not possible without inverse mapping. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a summary of this reality- closed, orderly systems tend to become disorderly; (increase in entropy). However, as I indicated in the previous paragraph, thermodynamic "reversibility" is far from impossible in a multidimensional, dual universe where the flow of time, space and energy has been shown to be periodic! A dual universe with a topologically twisted time dimension includes the built-in inverse mapping of every atom. One of the most famous specialists in the world put it this way: "Retrodictive determinism is permissible without an inverse process".

An interesting short reading: "Non locality With Time Reversibility" can be found at: http://spot.colorado.edu/~vstenger/Quantum/localepr.html . Readers interested in some more technical aspects of Lie Sphere Geometry are welcome to check the following web sites: "The Geometry of the Sphere": http://www.bangor.ac.uk/ma/teaching/ugrads/geometry/spheres/sphere.html; "Segal Conformal Physics": http://www.innerx.net/personal/tsmith/segalconf.html#gphproduction, or "ALL SPACES": http://www.innerx.net/personal/tsmith/alsp.html. Of course, the purpose of this site is to conceptualize.

To summarize then, the universe we observe, space and time, at first glance seems to be in linear 4-D. Euclidean geometry does work near any local frame of reference. However, evidence is accumulating, and careful observations betray the fact that the universe as a whole is closed, spherical and periodic. It definitely exists in more than 4-D and contains more mass than we observe, partly as baryonic antimatter, but mostly as dark energy...microscopic singularity within what we know as the "Planck Realm".

Time passes from our past into the future...seemingly linear. However just looking at an analog watch or a calendar betrays the periodic nature of time. Digital equipment which records the passage of time displays periodicity as well, and implies that logarithmic mathematical relationships are embedded in spatial reality!

In a way, it surprises me how leery many scientists are of closed periodic systems, even though GR is completely periodic in its description of reality. One comment I have received was to the effect that no periodicity is perfect. This of course is true, but completion of the function, not perfect sphericity is the real issue, and the existence of singularity in the universe, (in an appropriate dimensional setting!) now generally accepted as fact, is proof of completion of function... well, as we will see as we progress with this combined concept, at least almost!

The universe while fundamentally a symmetrical system is admittedly , and obviously Chiral (see definitions in Glossary and special topics). Chirality in the universe is "ad hoc" (for a purpose) and is invariably linked to some important structure or process on one side of the two sphere or the other. The physics on each side of the two sphere is somewhat different...just think of our other self remaining on the Earth on the other side of the two/ sphere and being "pulled down", while at the same time meteors "unburn" and return to space! Wow! speaking of illusory "motion"! Chirality is found in dynamic, unfolding or changing places of the universe...the event horizon surfaces, just as the surface of our planet displays chirality as it is approached more closely.

Free fall in GR results in a trifed helix, which can cause a gradual shift of geometric coordinates on the hyperspheres. We will discuss the implications of this later on the site. However, to devise flat Euclidean cosmological theories when we live in a universe alive with periodicity, reflecting the reality of GR in all its experimental veracity, is a highly questionable scientific approach.

I believe we often allow ourselves to become fixed in our thinking at our own frame of reference, and in Cosmology, this leads us astray. We imagine energy dissipating in a vast universe never to return, and fail to remember that from the critical frame of reference of the photon, that "vastness" reduces to a single minuscule point in which nothing can be lost (Special Topic HF# 36870). We also forget that a universe made of photons retains their structural and mathematical nature in its very being (the universal "white hole").

Many astronomical observations, such as outward acceleration and experimental results from particle accelerators are profoundly counterintuitive in 4-D, but are easily explained by a universe which actually exists in AT LEAST a foundational seven dimensions. In fact, as I discuss elsewhere in this paper, outward acceleration is actually a proof of a 7-D cosmos, for our "big bang" (white hole) is the "black hole" of the antiverse!

The paired spatial dimensions which proceed in opposite directions from a cosmic perspective in 7-D are curved and join at the antipodes of the universe. The time flow dimension is periodic and unidirectional (single process) though flipped at universal antipodes. Since the reality we live in actually consists of seven foundational large dimensions, these dimensions must be observable, and can be verified using scientific methods if the model is correct. Outward acceleration is one of these verifications.

As we have seen then, a dual, periodic 7-D GR universe not only permits time "reversal" as observed from almost any selected frame of reference in the universe, but the duality of its matter. Inverse mapping and the cosmological time separation protection afforded by the submicroscopic singular "wall" assures stability. The "other side of time" may be 60 billion years away, but microscopic singularity brings that distant future as close as the submicroscopic antipode of the universe within ourselves! On one side of that antipode time flows in one direction. From that same reference frame, time on the other side of the antipode flows in an opposite direction.

A really good 4-D projection of this kind of time "reversal" is a highway with cars passing in opposite directions- safely. Submicroscopic singularity at the antipode is the "medial barrier". The mathematical arrow of time proceeds in a single, but ultimately periodic direction. At each frame of reference in the dual universe, this is observed as "time reversal", and so indeed, it is. The closed, time periodic 7-D universe implies that the solution to entropy related problems may lie at least partly in an understanding of the momentum of time in GR.

I'll bet the reader never realized how "backwards" we observe the universe! I'm reminded of the gentleman who told his insurance agent he was "driving along, minding his own business, when suddenly this huge tree jumped in front of him and struck his car!"

We all have seen a cube drawn on a blackboard, projected onto a two dimensional surface. Our life at our 4-D frame of reference in the universe is analogous to that blackboard projection when compared with holding the actual cube in our hands- except the jump in dimensions from 4 to 7 is even greater! We have little idea of what we really are, or represent in the universe!

Early in babyhood, we learn, with the help of our mentors, to sense the entropy flow in this hemisphere of the cosmos. At first, having come from the "no fear" side of the universe where everything works out OK, we do not understand fear on this side of the universe. The process of learning is what gives us this necessary backwards perception on ultimate reality, and yet prepares us to cope with a different entropy drift- generally toward disorder! To use the illustration of the gentleman driving his car, the car wants, in this part of the universe to drift off the road- go in a straight line. We as complex living systems, see changing conditions in reality, and are "equipped" to keep the car from drifting toward chaos. This fact relates to the role of life as a servo mechanism in the universe!

Yet the universal hemisphere we observe in seeming 4-D is beautiful; perhaps magnificent is a better word! In a 7-D and up GR universe, scientific indications are strong we will all get a chance, someday, to view the universe from the "front side"(See special topics; HF #36872 Geometric Inversion)! Perhaps we will even be granted a frame of reference above 7-D!

If the reader likes counterintuitive ideas, the photon in an Einsteinian universe "takes the cake". According to the raw, mathematical Einsteinian concept, when matter is accelerated to the speed of light it becomes infinitely massive. Of course in "normal" acceleration, the closer an object is pushed to the speed of light (relative to the observer- and we must not forget this fact- we will discuss its implications later) the more massive it becomes. It is "theoretically" impossible to push anything over the threshold of the speed of light, because we "theoretically" could not apply an infinite force.

The problem with this reasoning however, is that the mass of an Einsteinian universe (as defined in the equivalence proportion: see "finite" section of this paper) is NOT infinite. For that reason, accelerating infinitesimal amounts of matter to the speed of light is as easy as turning on the lights in our room! A good amount of energy applied to the wire in a light bulb provides a substantial number of Photons...matter accelerated to the "speed" of light. These photons, while almost massless, DO HAVE MASS, and can by the force of their "movement", operate calculators and other equipment. They are part of the photonic white hole 3-space of the Schwarzschild two/ sphere cosmos, as observed from a distant frame.(See also Special Topic #31547)

Light according to the full context of Einstein's theories, IS collectively an (almost) infinitely massive form of matter, called energy, or the white hole. This seems ridiculous, but within the past year (1999) and through other experiments dating from the early part of the 20th century, it has been experimentally shown that all photons influence each other to create an intercommunicating matrix, even when light years away from each other (action at a distance). Photons are indeed connected. Moreover, also according to Einstein, what we call matter is simply compacted photons; energy, according to his famous formula, E = mc². Energy therefore is (almost) infinitely massive (collectively has universal mass) and fills the universe at different densities in its various forms.

Collectively, as we have seen, the photon matrix is the "other side", white hole, big bang, decreasing entropy antipode of our dual universe. Why we observe the "hemisphere" of generally increasing entropy, even as we emerge from the "big bang" white hole, CBR relates to the dual geometry of the two/ sphere, inverse mapping and time dilation. These effects are discussed in Special Topic #38022.

An interesting fact is that energy is perceived by us as being made up of almost mass-less packets called photons, yet even from our frame of reference we can experimentally verify that photons are part of an energy matrix which in its various proportions encompasses the universe. All information, about every aspect of the universes being is stored in this matrix, like bytes in a computer. In fact, because the medium and the message are part and parcel of the same reality, it is not hard to understand the importance and role of observation in reality and existence!

Speaking of the universe as a computer, I used to have an old computer with a word processor which forgot NOTHING. Some nights I would work on a ten page document, and right in the middle of my work, it would "freeze" (my heart too!) and ask if I wanted to "recover". If I said no, my document was lost forever. If I said yes, I sat for ten minutes while the computer methodically displayed every typo I made in perfect reverse. I had to watch every mistake, right back to the beginning, but it was interesting, for the process reminded me of time in the 7 Dimensional Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe. Everything in the 7-D EHU is there- forever. It is possible, and I now have, a modern computer programmed to forget mistakes. Isn't it interesting that the Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe doesn't seem to have been updated?

I wonder who made that decision!... or maybe the universal computer CAN forget under certain circumstances, or has been updated? Just between you and me, I'll consider them, but I'm unsure about those last two possibilities.. .because of the SIZE and COMPLEXITY of the universe. Nature tends to be conservative, and sticks with what works- until it is destroyed and has to be replaced! Since the existence of the universe is pretty important to all of us, I would think conservatism is in our best interest!

The key to going beyond Einstein is to appreciate the significance of the word "almost", as I just described the almost massless photon (Special Topic # 31547) for, as we will see shortly, we live in a finite universe. While certainty and impossibility are real considerations in our world, the finite nature of the universe and the tendency toward disorder suggest strongly that there IS (or better MUST BE) a connection with infinity to assure universal stability.

I said that the General relativity universe goes from everywhere to (almost) nowhere. This means that there is nothing outside it- by definition. However, because in General Relativity, the movements of its three elements: Time, Energy and Space are circular or periodic, "everywhere" is defined as "unbounded". "Nowhere" is the throat of space-time in the sub microscopic, the Planck Realm.

Only the critical universal mass, 10⁵³-10⁶⁰ Kilograms brings forth life in a universe. There are no baby universes in General Relativity, EVERYTHING is part of the cosmic whole. The Seven Dimensional General Relativity Universe is eternal, and in that sense, infinite, yet the amount of energy it contains is finite. Although it has an almost infinite number of photons, upon which its frame of reference system is based, its still comes up a little short in the "entropy department". However, because by definition, it is already everywhere, a GR universe MUST have its connection, its umbilical cord to infinity, not only along the eternal free fall , but for entropy related reasons- INWARD- the Planck realm! Life exists in ecosystems on 4D event horizon surfaces immediately adjacent to singularity within a narrow band of scale (see Special Topic #36870).

The answer to the entropy problems of a self-contained, finite General Relativity Universe, of course, is LIFE, which functions as a servo mechanism. The sum total of the parts of complex biological systems is not equal to, but greater than the sum of their parts. Life builds dikes to keep out chaos in the universe, and is so persistent, it gradually drives the universe toward order and away from chaos along the "free fall" dimension.

The Dutch, building dikes to keep out the raging North Sea give us a four dimensional projection of the terra forming of planets- a project on which our species is about to embark. Via light itself, life affects the universe in an even more profound manner, creating life on planets by random chance, natural selection, coincidence and applying the principles of Chaos Theory. Chaos Theory actually finds the creative characteristics of light embodied in its compacted forms- matter, acting in a way conducive to creation. The Earth is but a speck of dust in a vast cosmos, yet, existing as it does at the inward end of the umbilical cord to infinity, it and other life bearing planets are the "Cockpit of the universe".

	Photo: Life as a Servo Mechanism the "Infinity Inward" concept of the self-contained, General Relativity Universe. The Earth is but a speck of dust in a vast Cosmos, but it and the life giving planets are the focus of "Ultimate Reality"; "The Cockpit of the Universe".

The twin "hemispheres" of our 7-D GR universe, when observed on 4D surfaces, "seem" to endlessly turn inside out. A fair 4-D projection would be taking off ones shirt or pulling off a sock while turning the item inside out. Our lives are eternal, if intermittent, forever. We are born and reborn, die and re-die. Each instant of our lives (existence in 4D) is an eternally existing condition.

A common household plunger is another pretty good 4-D projection of what happens as the universe turns inside out. The wood handle moves downward along the axis of the rubber hemisphere. As it does, the outside surface on the top becomes the inside surface on the bottom. Any point marked on the rubber hemisphere stays in the same location on the rubber hemisphere, but changes from a position on the outside of the rubber hemisphere on the top, to inside the rubber hemisphere on the bottom.

As I mentioned, time inside the universe (below c) is one thing but when viewed from the frame of reference of light, is quite another, for time ceases to pass at the frame of reference of Photons, just as it does at the singular condition on the "other side" of the Schwarzschild two/sphere! Viewed from a frame of reference below the speed of light within the universe, what we call "time" is a phenomenon not unlike the one viewed when we put on polarizing glasses at a 3-D movie- and can suddenly view perspective. It is no coincidence this effect is produced using glasses which polarize projected light while we sit in the fixed frame of reference of our seat!

Time as we know it at our current 4D location (frame of reference) in the universe is "the perception and measurement of motion and change".

From an all encompassing frame of reference, as we discussed, any given time is a location, a place, a coordinate if you will. We will look at this from another angle when we discuss the eternal nature of an Einsteinian universe.

Today we know that Einstein's ideas are not outlandish, but must be taken seriously, for we have abruptly been confronted with the reality of too many predictions of his concepts. Scientists will continue the process of analysis and experimental verification, in a search for something even beyond his insights, and any new theory will have to account for the effects his formulae explain, and have successfully predicted.

All this leads us to the questions; How can the Einsteinian Cosmology be described? This task I have already begun! What kind of a world-life view is supported by an Einsteinian Cosmology? What possibly, in the nature of true reality lies beyond Einstein? With regard to that final question, I am not cynical. I believe we can find clues in our observations of our universe, physical characteristics which can be used to experimentally verify the existence of that which has been incomprehensible to us. The conceptual advances (combining GR, two/ sphere geometry and a Planck Realm) as described on this web site are a good beginning.

Each dimensional configuration has "signature patterns". For example, the four dimensional reality of which we are aware has a "helix" signature pattern. Other dimensional configurations from five up have signature patterns too: "split time" for example. With careful observation, and mathematical analysis, we can detect "embedded ness", or projections of higher dimensional regimes. For example, I said that just as Philadelphia has a fixed position on the surface of the Earth, we, and our lives, individually have a fixed, embedded eternal location in the 7 Dimensional hyperspherical universe. Embedded ness is also revealed in some of the photographs on this web site; the waterfall, the Hourglass Nebula and the Rock of Gibraltar.

General Relativity is a foundation, a good beginning, but it is I feel, only a beginning. The most stunning, the most complete concepts build on and incorporate GR. The web site you are reading as I have said, proposes a cosmological model incorporating such a combination of concepts; General Relativity, Schwarzschild Geometry and a Planck Realm.

With this introduction then, lets survey the most experimentally verified cosmology available today; the universe according to Einstein, Schwarzschild and Dirac.