Appendix E: Summary of WMAP Results

February 11, 2003; With the major exception of the dimensional structure of the universe which is assumed to be 4 dimensional (see note later in these comments), the WMAP Project has confirmed all of the observations discussed previously on this site, including:

1. Accelerating expansion of the universe.

Authors notes:

Some scientists seem inclined to talk about "Cosmological Constant" like it was a cup of "sugar" or a vacuum energy of some kind. They are very hesitant to consider the fact that the universe is rolling downhill toward itself in a natually accelerating manner. The fact is: the only plausable explanation for acceleration outward is extra large dimensions...two/sphere Schwarzschild geometry. As we look outward, the universe does not get larger, it becomes smaller. Space/ time in the WMAP universe is/was by present comparison, only a tiny fraction of the size of space/ time in our present reality- yet there was nothing outside then. and there is nothing outside now.

2. Space is observationally flat.

Authors Notes:

In a SRT, GR universe, experienced and observed in 4D, flat is the only way it is possible to observe the universe, even though GR is based on spherical geometry. For related reasons, everything which happens in our particulate reality relating to the effects of gravity is observed to occur at the "speed of light". As with the precession of Mercury's orbit, however, space is measured to have an Omega of 1.02-3 (also confirmed by MAP). This is the equivalent of an oval with almost infinitely long, parallel sides, and sudden closure at the antipodes- closed space. Scientists know that the verified model with which they are working (general relativity!), is based on spherical geometry, yet again, they are slow to appreciate the significance of an Omega which is slightly greater than one...it seems so trifling.

NOTE: The NASA assertion that the universe is eternally expanding is based on the assumption that the cosmos exists only in 4D. in 7D and up, the universe is not eternally expanding, it is rather eternally existing.

There are enough experimental variations from some predictions of the standard model and enough astronomical evidence for higher dimensionality that we can conclude this assumption that the universe exists only in 4D is unjustified. In fact, during the NASA press conference, the possibility of higher dimensionality in the universe was mentioned. The dimensional geometry of the universe is not, however discussed in the first 13 WMAP papers published on the internet..

3. 4% of the mass of the universe is baryonic (atomic) matter.

In the MAP results, the second peak of the power spectrum was clearly and significantly depressed. Yet, at this point, we can only account for barely 1/3 of that amount of baryons. Teams are constantly coming up with new possibilities to account for the extra atomic matter. Inverse mapping in a Schwarzschild two/ sphere model is the obvious answer to the "problem". 1/2 of the baryonic matter in the universe is matter and 1/2 is antimatter. Baryonic matter has to be in "right place" to explain galactic motions, and that place is right where each item is...ie, the galaxies must have twice the mass we presently assign to them.

4. 73% of the universe is "dark energy".

There is nothing mysterious about the singular condition! It is well understood. Exhaustive research has been done on "microscopic singularity" and it has been found that its construction requires near cosmic mass...73% of the cosmos. It is well understood that below 10 to the minus 33rd CM, departiculation of the universe begins, ie particles take on singular characteristics. On this site, I demonstrate that if we use the Planck dimension and define the universe accordingly, we can account for the anomolous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11! We can even determine the mass and spatial parameters of the cosmos within the limits of observation.

5. 23% of the universe is cold dark matter.

Most claims to have found baryonic matter are actually related to the finding of dark matter...particles and undifferentiated, unorganized leftovers from the creative process. There are tools in the astronomical laboratory to sort this problem out, but there are also complications.

THE PREVIOUS MATERIAL IN THIS SECTION FOLLOWS:

Most Distant Supernova
2 Apr 2001

Following the authors comments is material quoted from Ned Wrights Cosmology Tutorial.

AUTHORS COMMENTS:

This data from the field ranks as one of the most important astronomical discoveries of the past 100 years, and deserves headlines.

These observations of IA Supernovae taken in context with confirmation of an accelerating universe infer that despite the "flat space" findings of CBR experiments, space in the universe is marginally closed and permeated with a matrix of "dark energy". The density of "dark energy" present in space at this time in an accelerating universe must be greater than the past, precluding an open scenario. In an "open" universe, overall density decreases and is accompanied by a general increase in entropy. Extra large dimensions as described on this site are also strongly implied. (See Hawking part 2, post# 38022).

The surpressed second peak of the power spectrum in the data of existing CBR work infers the presence of twice as much Baryonic (atomic) matter in the universe as previously theorized. The stage is thus set for the confirmation of the Schwarzschild/Dirac dual universe by scientific experiment. This confirmation is also a confirmation of our eternal existence. Note Neds words: "The old data could not distinguish between the dashed and purple curves, but the new data can." That word "can", used in this manner, is strong stuff for a scientist.

Neds great experience with Supernova work and very closely related CBR studies, has led to his assignment to a very responsible position in the MAP program. Scientists should have the first results of MAP studies in about 12 months, but as I advertise, these supernovae observations are the "handwriting on the wall"...and infer that space in our universe is probably spherical and certainly marginally closed.

Neds report follows immediately:

DR. WRIGHTS REPORT:

The HST announced the results of a study of the most distant known supernova [SN 1997ff] today. The redshift of this supernova is about 1.7, based on a photometric redshift of the host galaxy [z = 1.65+/-0.15], a photometric redshift of the supernova [z = 1.7+/-0.15], and a tentative spectroscopic redshift of z = 1.755 for the host galaxy. It was discovered by Gilliland et al. (1999) in pictures of the Hubble Deep Field taken in 1997. No spectra of this supernova were taken while it was "bright" [the peak observed brightness was 27th magnitude at a wavelength of 0.8 microns], but the redshift of its host galaxy is known.

The new results today involve the use of many images from the HST archive that covered the Hubble Deep Field and showed this supernova. Analysis of these images allowed one to construct the lightcurve of the supernova and thus estimate its intrinsic luminosity. Given the intrinsic brightness of this supernova, its observed brightness is not particularly faint compared to previously known supernovae with redshifts close to 1, which indicates that the expansion of the Universe had not started to accelerate at redshift 1.7.

This behavior is consistent with cosmological models having a cosmological constant or dark energy. To be specific, the supernova is about 0 to 1 magnitude brighter than it would be in an empty Universe with Omega=0, while earlier supernovae at redshifts near 0.5 were dimmer than they would be in an empty Universe.

The graph below shows the decelerating model which has no dark energy in black, and an accelerating model with dark energy in purple. A proposed alternative to dark energy is a model which makes the distant supernovae faint by adding absorbing dust between the galaxies, and is shown as a black dashed curve. The old data could not distinguish between the dashed and purple curves, but the new data can. These points were measured off of Figure 12 of Riess et al. (2001, ApJ in press). The empty Universe model, shown in green, is the boundary between decelerating and accelerating models. Other models shown are a closed model (OmegaM = 2) in red and a pure vacuum dominated model (Omegavac = 1) in blue. For Ho=70, OmegaM = 0.3 and Omegavac = 1-OmegaM = 0.70, the age of the Universe is 13.5 Gyr, the light travel time since z = 1.7 is 9.7 Gyr, the current distance of the supernova is 15.4 billion lightyears, and the luminosity distance, which is the only distance actually measured to this object, is 41.5 billion lightyears. These values were computed using my Cosmology Calculator.

Material From: http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm