Unbounded / Hyperspherical

The GR, Einsteinian Universe is unbounded and hyperspherical, foundationally in 7-dimensions.

Beyond the geometry of a crepe, for us Earthlings, our own planet is the beginning of our understanding of Einstein's universe. Our planet when we casually examine it seems to be a 4 dimensional hypersphere. It's surface is unbounded in the sense that we can wander all over the world without falling off. Also, we can observe that there are places on the earth which are inhospitable to life, there are places where the spring, summer, fall and winter of life advance north and south over its unbounded surface on a periodic basis, and there are, of course, the tropical regions where, except in certain mountainous areas, life thrives continuously. Conditions in the EHU are analogous in some ways- different in others.

The 7 Dimensional Einsteinian Hyperspherical universe is based on the Schwarzschild two/sphere concept. A two/sphere consists of not one, but TWO sphere sets, (two three spaces), linked by a single, single process time dimension, superimposed in energy and space, but cosmologically separated in time. Actually each invariant frame of reference in the GR universe is the foundation of this almost infinite series of two spheres- from 10 to the minus 33rd Centimeters to perhaps 10 to the 40th Centimeters- the radius of the universe. THERE IS NOTHING OUTSIDE; being spherical, the surfaces of this model are unbounded.

The two spheres ("hemispheres") are separated by a wall of submicroscopic singularity in the Planck realm, at 10 to the minus 33rd Centimeters-everywhere. In that singular region, space/time as we know it ceases. If we go beyond, we enter ("bounce" out into) another reality...the Earth of 60 Billion years in the future...an Earth where our future is the past...a complete world where everything works out OK. From our present frame of reference, this other, second Earth would seem to be thermodynamically reversed- but because of the periodic nature of time flow, there is no inverse process. The universe is simply returning, via its natural momentum to singularity.

Throwing a baseball up in the air- and watching it come down again is a pretty good analogy. What goes up as they say (with NOT complete accuracy!) must come down. In the universe, what goes around, comes around...what is sown is reaped. However, for reasons related to the fact that the universe is not infinite in mass, there is coordinate shift- and change in the free fall momentum of General Relativity- even in 7-D! The second law of thermodynamics, tends to gradually bring the universe to destruction, while the complexity of life overcomes this tendency.

Viewed from over the north pole, the earth rotates counterclockwise, and the phenomenon is so "real" that storms in earth's atmosphere are configured counterclockwise. Viewed from over the south pole, the earth rotates clockwise, and storms in the vernal hemisphere take on the clockwise rotation pattern. Is the Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe rotating? The earth does, why not the hyperspherical universe? Recent observations indicate fairly strongly (29 out of 30) that the universe is not rotating and considering the theoretical importance of the existence of non-spin, amorphous singularity in the universe, this finding is VERY good news! From a cosmic frame in a GR universe, there is nothing for the universe to spin with respect to- all spin comologically cancels, but in a dual universe, parts of each "hemisphere" rotate differently with respect to frames in the other "hemisphere".

Rotation is found in some "black Holes" and not, presumably in others. Rotation is a common and essential phenomenon- inside the universe.

The matter of rotation (spin) is likewise important at the submicroscopic antipodes of the universe. As I just said, amorphous, or everywhere existing, submicroscopic singularity has a "non-spin" characteristic which is theoretically important, for it permits "bounce". Items up to and including a whole universe can go "in" past both horizons and come back "out" unscathed, except for reversed polarity and cosmological time separation. This theoretical characteristic of amorphous, non-spin singularity relates to the inverse mapping of matter and antimatter in the system, and predicted Einsteinian photon characteristics. It also explains how a whole universe can go in and come out of a singularity- and stay organized!

In contrast, spinning singularity relates to the creation of the world of particles we perceive in 4-D. Spinning singularity loses its bounce. Bounce/non-bounce is the theoretical foundation for the very real difference between the world we know and cosmic reality...in fact it is "differences" which make a universe possible! Everything we know and understand starts with spin/non-spin. Universal finitude makes momentum in GR and singular spin possible. Spinning bits of discontinuous singularity in balanced free fall attract free energy and form particles and atoms of matter. These energy discontinuities in turn, on 4D event horizon surfaces create our reality. Interesting mathematical details relating to this concept are posted on the Internet at: http://home.beseen.com/technology/ zephcochrane/paper.htm

Whether life exists and when life exists and thrives on the earth, as we saw in our introduction, is as much a matter of location, position and coordinates as time. Storms approach one way in the northern hemisphere and another way in the southern hemisphere, however the way they approach seems natural to people used to living in the different hemispheres. Conditions are analogous in the 7-D universe... we see time "approach" and "recede" in different ways, for example.

A very important fact about the earth when we are considering the Seven Dimensional Hyperspherical Universe is that the EHU has a total of four poles- not two. There is not one big bang, but TWO, for the Einsteinian universe like the earth has not one, but two "hemispheres", actually two 3 spaces superimposed on each other and linked by a time dimension. Moreover, each "hemisphere" has, at 180 Degrees along its axis, a "time-like", bean shaped singularity (entropy related) at its opposite pole.

The General Relativity universe did not begin at a single geometric point. It started everywhere!

How can a "Big Bang" begin everywhere yet at one point? If we think this counterintuitive- it isn't really that hard to conceive. Looking up in the sky, 180 Degrees, but imagining 360 degrees EVERYWHERE as we look outward, we look back in time toward the "Big Bang".

It is that simple. The "Big Bang" began everywhere...yet nowhere. In 7-D this is even easier to understand, for the new hemisphere is born in the heart of every frame of reference of its symmetrical "hemispheric counterpart. Thinking this way it is easier to conceptualize a static, geometric universe with varying conditions at each frame of reference.Still, obviously at this point, we begin to depart from our faithful 3 dimensional analogy. It strikingly and faithfully reflects aspects of the hyperspherical universe, but now we must take a leap beyond.

When we look outward, at the stars, in ANY direction, we look over the curvature of space/time toward what we can call the "north pole of the universe", the Big Bang. However, we are not just looking north, in the hyperspherical universe, we are looking in EVERY direction outward! This is the essence of the jump in dimensions we are making. If we follow space time far enough in ANY direction, we return to the present; perhaps via a big bang, or a singularity, but we return! If this seems outrageous, perhaps we should remember what I previously said about "bounce" in singularity!

It would be well to note that we not only can look OUTWARD, but INWARD, toward the microscopic, and proceed eventually, via microscopic singularity, "out"(actually we pivot and bounce); into the vastness of the universe in the opposite direction, continue our journey over cosmological eras of time and back to this frame of reference. We return to ourselves!... because a General Relativity universe consists of three elements, energy, space and time in an eternal PERIODIC momentum.The microscopic universe, like the macroscopic universe is vast- and linked with our macroscopic reality- everywhere.

I should mention, once again, that by symmetry, we, as observers, do not observe space to be curved in a GR universe! To the contrary, we feel we are "in the center" of everything, and we look out along the axis on seemingly linear, flat or Euclidean space. To see the curvature of space, we would have to view the universe from a seven dimensional perspective! At 4-D, space in GR is observed positively FLAT and the movements of heavenly bodies are periodic! In 7-D, space, time and energy can be seen to be periodic in their momentum- but every object in the universe takes on a unique geometric shape- and freezes!

If we travel "outward" in 4-D space, we actually are on the curved surface of the two/sphere, and, in a manner fully consistent with the circular flow of energy, space and time in General Relativity, we return to ourselves! The effect is like "bumper cars" at a carnival. We go straight out, 12.5 Billion light years to the "Big Bang". At the speed of light we "Bounce off", reverse polarity and come right "straight" back to ourselves- but what a surprise! We are reversed in the polarity of the matter of our bodies, and find we grow younger rather than older.

Finally, I want to stress what I said previously. Despite the observed flatness of space in the 4-D universe we observe, I believe we can and will observationally detect the marginally closed nature of space in our vast, but finite universe...if looking outward toward every where/nowhere isn't evidence enough!

Recent "Maxima" and "Boomerang" balloon experiments testing the Cosmic background radiation have both shown a depressed second peak of the power spectrum. By FAR the most plausible explanation for this (and the most widely accepted) is that the universe contains at least 50% and probably 100% more Baryonic ("normal" atoms) matter than we can observe. The combined antiversal mass of this "extra" matter figures into the "missing mass" problem, and doubles the force of gravity we observe in our half of the universe. This "other side" also puts missing mass where it needs to be to explain the rotational characteristics of the galaxies and explains observed acceleration outward toward the Black Hole side of our Big Bang. Additional missing mass (at "close" range in our galactic arm, as detected by Jan Oort in the 1930's) plus up to 300 times the observed mass of the universe necessary to give us the motions of the universe in its most distant regions is, in this model explained by; 1. Doubling the total mass of the Baryonic Matter in the universe and 2. Accounting for most of the rest as Non-Baryonic matter and "dark energy"- the mass of singularity at the astronomical and submicroscopic antipodes of the universe. This massive singular matrix is the correct basis for Einsteinian Gravity...perceived from our frame it IS space/time.

Perhaps "time travel" seems impractical. It would take billions of years to make one universal circumnavigation as a 21st century Columbus, right? Wrong. We must remember the properties of light, and singularity. From the frame of reference of light, the whole universe is just there, in a neat little package, start to finish. The Photon universe does NOT communicate at the speed of light.. it communicates INSTANTANEOUSLY. The Photons coming from the lamp in my living room are part of the same (big bang, white hole, CBR) matrix which exists on the far side of the universe! To paraphrase the words of the song from Disney World: "It's a small universe after all!"

We, and other Material objects communicate at the speed of light, yet in essence, we ourselves consist of, and are affected by the properties of Electromagnetic energy. The fact that we consist of photons, in fact strongly infers the veracity of the geometric universe, for as photon forms we, like photons themselves have an eternal, fixed frame of reference on the hyperspheres of the 7-D Geometric Universe.

An early universe consisting of nothing but Photons had NO time as we understand it. Do we wish to travel a billion light years? No problem, we need only ride a beam of light, and we can view the whole cosmic show in a jiffy! How can a human ride a beam of light? I have just said, and we must not forget that humans are a participating part of the Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe. Our lives are EXPRESSED as patterns of electromagnetic energy!

I've spoken about the "north pole" of each "hemisphere" of the universe, and the "Big Bang". However, where is the "south pole" of each "hemisphere" of the universe? The "south pole" is the submicroscopic singularity antipode which pervades space and is found at the heart of every atom! This "dark energy" contains the "time like", bean shaped singularity of the universe which eventually will rise into the macroscopic world we inhabit and change the flow of order (loosely entropy) in the universe. The amount of energy in this singular froth of quantum fluctuations which marks the boundary between the "Hemispheres" of the universe is huge, (two/ thirds of the mass of the universe in total) and it is difficult to tunnel through. This is a good thing, for without such protection, we wouldn't have a universe to live in anymore!

I really dislike talking about clogged sewer pipes, but firmly believe that people who think they observe "forces" in the heart of atoms are in for a surprise; an Einsteinian surprise, a surprise of geometric relationship with microscopic (from OUR frame of reference) singularity. The "sewer pipe" dilemma was confronted by PAM Dirac in his work. He had serious mathematical problems preventing a one-sided (and four dimensional) universe from "going down the tube". He did his work before topology became a household word. Figuring he couldn't accept parallel universes because they would annihilate each other, he hypothesized a "foundation" of particles, perhaps infinitely massive to support and stabilize reality.

In a 7-D Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe, the Universe is counterbalanced by its exact opposite "hemisphere", the Antiverse. While the Universe and Antiverse are superimposed, they are separated by microscopic singularity and pass in opposite directions in time. They are, in fact, despite their seeming closeness, because of the effect of singularity, 180 degrees away from each other on the hypersphere, so mutual annihilation is quite impossible. Our future "self" is, in effect, 60 billion years in the future...far enough to prevent the mutual destruction of our matter/antimatter two selves!

Indications are that we are not quite on the equator of the finite, unbounded Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe. 12.5 billion years ago from our frame of reference, our "hemisphere" of the Einsteinian Hyperspherical universe was born. As I mentioned earlier in this abstract, larger singularities as viewed from a frame of reference inside our universe become progressively less and less stable as they accrue matter and energy. As the last of the dying galaxies of the other "hemisphere" of the universe finally combined with the sum total of the matter/energy of that half of the universe, a process of attenuation began which still continues today.

At the instant everything, everywhere in our "hemisphere" of the universe became singular, it began attenuating (hot Big Bang "explosion"). Simultaneously the other "hemisphere" reached its maximum extent, and began to contract....but the overall location of the universe was STILL EVERYWHERE. This is easy to understand if we remember that all frames of reference eternally remain in the same "place" in a 7-D, GR universe. Where is this "contracting" space/time? It is billions of light years away in space/time coordinates yet right here with us- on the other side of the microscopic singularity which marks the boundary of the two halves of the hyperspherical universe.

Before a "hemispheric" singularity begins to attenuate into a "big bang" there is a change of polarity, and a reversal, or flipping of the time dimension from the previous incoming condition. This is the only way matter can escape from a black hole so as to produce the observed effects we note today with our instruments. The attenuation could not have been a slow "evaporative process". It was nothing less than a massive "explosion"- impossible without time "reversal". The reader might ask how I say "impossible". Those who doubt may check the mathematics. NOTHING comes out of a black hole by definition- without dualism and a two/sphere Schwarzschild geometry. This abstract discusses a cosmological model based on mathematical formulae!

Scientists who deny the existence of time reversal, and defend the 4-D universe, understand the need for a vast source of energy for their cosmology. They fall back on Dirac's first hypothesis: that the universe lies on and is supported by an infinitely vast floor of quantum fluctuations (he thought particles).

Why infant universes are not being born continuously from this vast source of energy, consuming the universe in the conflagration, is an unanswered problem. Also, this 4-D idea makes a shambles of the First Law of Thermodynamics, which I don't think is "Holy", but consider to be worth more than passing consideration! Finally, the search for decreasing entropy in such a universe taxes the imagination of the worlds greatest minds.

In 7-D, as I said, Matter and Energy are completely conserved, and the quantum fluctuations are a finite, if very energetic boundary between the twin "hemispheres". This boundary protects the Universe and Antiverse from each other, and prevents their mutual destruction, by assuring cosmological time separation for the otherwise superimposed halves of reality.(See Hawking Form #2; post 38022) Order is always present in 7-D and, because of the existence of life, a 7-D universe has continuously decreasing entropy (increasing order)!

Energy in its various forms, from compact singularity to photon, is the substance of the universe and makes reality possible, by influencing our perception of the existence, nonexistence, shape and direction of space and time.

As seen from our frame, during the "big bang", one hemisphere of the Einsteinian Hyperspherical universe attenuates into stable microscopic singularity and free falling, spinning singularity. Free energy attracted by this matrix forms particles and atoms according to the formula E=mc squared. Discontinuities form the 4D surfaces we view- in time dilation- as "reality". This energy density system persists only briefly, but it collapses in a sequential programmed fashion. Because of the vast mass of the system, time dilation makes the universe seem semi-permanent as the new hemisphere develops according to the pattern preserved in the other "hemisphere".

So far as life in either "hemisphere" is concerned, the "Big Bang" is a nonevent, being observed in the astronomical far distance or deep down in the microscopic scale of the universe. Nevertheless, at the instant that "explosion" occurs, the fully expanded universal hemisphere passes the bean-shaped, time-like antipode (pole) and begins its journey from increasing toward decreasing entropy. Singularity and event horizon phenomena are the controlling forces which shape and bring identity to our cosmos

Inflation, as devised by Alan Guth is an interesting concept. In his effort to create a workable model of early cosmic expansion, just after the "big bang", Dr.Guth found it necessary to suspend time...that is have a period during which the universe experienced almost infinitely rapid expansion. To avoid contradicting General Relativity, Dr. Guth was obliged to keep "inflation" within the "Planck Era"...the event horizon of the singular region. This makes sense, for the Planck era, in a static cosmology still exists, and it is an eternal region where time cannot be said to pass. However, what we presently identify as gravity also occupies this region and would presumably be subject to the same conceptual restraints...or perhaps I should say...conceptual possibilities? (See Hawking Forum #2; 37217)

Time doesn't pass at the speed of light...so what happened when the universe was only photons does NOT relate to time. From OUR frame of reference, it is possible to conclude that extreme superluminal velocities were attained in the early expansion of the infant universe, however, our lack of understanding of the Photon limits the value of these calculations.

A singularity of any kind is a no-nonsense place so far as both mathematicians and engineers are concerned. Early "nanosecond" models which attempt to bring an entire universe and order from utter nothingness are, as we will see in the next few paragraphs, "Ad Hoc, usually related to attempts to make a 4-D universe "work", and ignore the real source of order in an 7-D Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe: its dual nature and eternal existence.

There is no speed of light inside a singularity, or for that matter from the frame of reference of the Photon! Movement becomes what it really is...a condition. A singularity the size of the "Big Bang" would have been not only huge, but would have had a large event horizon. For a significant time during its early attenuation, a newborn "hemisphere" remains a singularity within which a mathematical search for emerging order is conjectural.

Any mathematical model of the universe when it consisted only of Photons is based on extrapolation. For readers who are not familiar with the term "extrapolation", it is a kind of "gang plank" or diving board on which a mathematician extends the relatively known to the unknown- and hopes for the best. Extrapolation is a useful- even invaluable, tool in science, but the search for complex order in a "soup" of Photons with no universal dimensions is usually related to efforts to "force" the four dimensional universe to work, and triggers wild conjecture which puts the counterintuitive 7-D universe to shame.

Most Ad Hoc models work from assumed temperature relationships and known mass- but ignore the fact that neither temperature nor mass exist within a singularity (though they may be perceived from an OUTSIDE frame of reference). The original singularity was pervasive and awesome. As it attenuated, it formed the foundation of our reality. Today, we, even from our frame of reference, still live enmeshed in a cobweb matrix of microscopic singularity billions of years after the "Big Bang".

It has been inferred that because we find singularity in every direction, and it can be defined as a condition which exists everywhere and nowhere, that we actually live IN a singularity. There is a big difference between singularity in us and us in a singularity! While this is interesting speculation, it is mathematically wrong; in the GR model, no description of anything exists inside a singularity, let alone an organized 7-D hyperspherical universe! Moreover quick calculations of the engineering realities of actually being inside a sizable "Black Hole" show why nothing we understand could exist there. This subject is outside of the mathematical parameters of the universe described in this abstract. The diluting influence of "empty" space (microscopic singularity at a distance in scale) must exist to permit reality as we know and can mathematically describe it to exist.

Space is a condition which can be said to exist when matter/energy in its various configurations can be identified and related.

It is also beyond the scope of this paper to describe how a singularity can be everywhere in us (not us in it) in the universe, and yet nowhere at the same time, however I guarantee I will not get a single letter from any mathematician questioning what I say.

Attaining a working understanding of the topological relationship between everywhere and nowhere, Photon and Singularity, space, scale and direction, is a great challenge for science in the 21st century.

The concept of the universe being one, yet dual and fully expanded and contracted to a singularity at the same "time" (static) is mathematically sound, profoundly counterintuitive, Einsteinian- and an important part of the most experimentally verified model of reality in history!